Integrated Management: A Coastal Community Perspective

This paper was prepared for the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Regional Workshops on Small-Scale Fisheries "Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries: Bringing together responsible fisheries and social development". It presents a review of what are seen as 'good practices' globally in policy and governance of small-scale fisheries, with a particular focus on addressing rights-based issues, viewed broadly as incorporating fishery rights, other rights to natural resources, and rights and entitlements in relation to human, social and economic rights. It draws extensively on the 1995 Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and related technical guidelines, particularly those concerning small-scale fisheries and their roles in poverty alleviation and food security, and the human dimensions of the ecosystem approach to fisheries. The paper is also strongly informed by the papers prepared for and outcomes of the 2008 Global Conference on "Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries: Bringing together responsible fisheries and social development" and the relevant rights-oriented components of the 'Bangkok Statement' produced by the Civil Society Preparatory Workshop for the Global Conference. It also draws upon a set of research documents in the international literature focusing on small-scale fisheries and related policy issues [e.g., Allison et al. (2010), Charles (2009, 2011), McConney and Charles (2009); Kurien (2000, 2007)]

Insights into the innate immunity of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sessile bivalves of the genus <it>Mytilus </it>are suspension feeders relatively tolerant to a wide range of environmental changes, used as sentinels in ecotoxicological investigations and marketed worldwide as seafood. Mortality events caused by infective agents and parasites apparently occur less in mussels than in other bivalves but the molecular basis of such evidence is unknown. The arrangement of Mytibase, interactive catalogue of 7,112 transcripts of <it>M. galloprovincialis</it>, offered us the opportunity to look for gene sequences relevant to the host defences, in particular the innate immunity related genes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We have explored and described the Mytibase sequence clusters and singletons having a putative role in recognition, intracellular signalling, and neutralization of potential pathogens in <it>M. galloprovincialis</it>. Automatically assisted searches of protein signatures and manually cured sequence analysis confirmed the molecular diversity of recognition/effector molecules such as the antimicrobial peptides and many carbohydrate binding proteins. Molecular motifs identifying complement C1q, C-type lectins and fibrinogen-like transcripts emerged as the most abundant in the Mytibase collection whereas, conversely, sequence motifs denoting the regulatory cytokine MIF and cytokine-related transcripts represent singular and unexpected findings. Using a cross-search strategy, 1,820 putatively immune-related sequences were selected to design oligonucleotide probes and define a species-specific Immunochip (DNA microarray). The Immunochip performance was tested with hemolymph RNAs from mussels injected with <it>Vibrio splendidus </it>at 3 and 48 hours post-treatment. A total of 143 and 262 differentially expressed genes exemplify the early and late hemocyte response of the <it>Vibrio</it>-challenged mussels, respectively, with AMP trends confirmed by qPCR and clear modulation of interrelated signalling pathways.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The Mytibase collection is rich in gene transcripts modulated in response to antigenic stimuli and represents an interesting window for looking at the mussel immunome (transcriptomes mediating the mussel response to non-self or abnormal antigens). On this basis, we have defined a new microarray platform, a mussel Immunochip, as a flexible tool for the experimental validation of immune-candidate sequences, and tested its performance on <it>Vibrio</it>-activated mussel hemocytes. The microarray platform and related expression data can be regarded as a step forward in the study of the adaptive response of the <it>Mytilus </it>species to an evolving microbial world.</p

Rheological properties of wheat flour dough and French bread enriched with wheat bran

International audienceWheat flour doughs were elaborated with wheat-bran in various contents, up to 20%, and particle sizes of fractions, in order to study the specific role of rheological properties in processing high fibre breads. The addition of wheat bran, especially more than 10%, decreased the specific mechanical energy developed by the mixer, which was attributed to a deficient formation of the gluten network. It increased the elongational viscosity of the dough, measured by biaxial extension tests, likely through a solid particles effect. These changes explained the lower increase of porosity during proofing, assessed by digital camera and 2D image analysis. The loss of dough stability was rather attributed to the destabilizing effect of bran particles on the films separating gas bubbles. The resulting changes of bread texture, determined by image analysis and mechanical testing of breads, including crust and crumb, were governed by bread density, which was established at the end of proofing. These results help to understand the impact of wheat bran on dough rheological properties in order to design French breads with increased fibre content

Processing & rheological properties of wheat flour dough and bread containing high levels of soluble dietary fibres blends

Epub 2017 Mar 24This study was funded by INRA in the frame of the AGIR projectProcessing & rheological properties of wheat flour dough and bread containing high levels of soluble dietary fibres blend

Impact of texture modification and dietary fibre content on the glycemic index and the acceptability of French bread

International audienceThe texture is an essential element of the acceptability of bread by consumers and also has a major impact on the glycemic index. Increasing the density of bread resulted in a reduction of the glycemic index. Among these breads with increased density, those who have increased content in dietary fibre are generally not well accepted by the consumers. However, traditional bread making process allowed obtaining a baguette corresponding to nutritional expectations, with increased dietary fibre content and a reduced glycemic index, which was also well appreciated when tasted by the consumers

A reverse engineering approach of french breadmaking for nutritional purposes

The main purpose of this work is to design breads with improved nutritional properties without modifying their acceptability. The in vitro glycemic index (IG) of breads, with various contents of wheat dietary fibres (DF) and different densities, was determined by α-amylolysis and correlated to in vivo clinical measurements. Their texture has been assessed by multi-indentation and image analysis, in order to be able to compare their mechanical properties and cell structure features to sensory criteria. All results underlined the significance of bread density, whatever the composition and processing of breads. After a survey of professional practices to collect the know-how of breadmaking and determine the most important unit operations, the study at labscale of structural modifications during processing has focused on two main operations: dough proofing and making-up. A decrease of dough stability due to DF addition was evidenced by the follow-up of bread dough proofing by image analysis. This result was attributed to the increase of dough viscosity when adding fibres, as measured by creep-recovery tests on controlled stress rheometer. These results allowed to suggest the necessary modifications to the process byincreasing water addition and decreasing proofing time when incorporating fibres

Does Epoetin Beta Still Have a Place in Peginterferon Alpha-2a Plus Ribavirin Treatment Strategies for Chronic Hepatitis C?

International audienceTo investigate the impact of epoetin beta (EPO) on sustained virological response (SVR) in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients treated with peginterferon-ribavirin (RBV). Controlled, randomized, pragmatic multicenter study to assess 2 strategies, ie, the use (EPO group) or nonuse (control group) of EPO in terms of achieving SVR in treatment-naive, genotype non-2/non-3 HCV-infected patients receiving a 48-week treatment regimen of pegylated interferon alpha-2a (peg-IFN) plus RBV (randomization 2:1). The single-nucleotide polymorphisms of interferon lambda 3 (IFNL3) (rs12979860 and rs8099917), interferon lambda 4 (IFNL4) (ss469415590), and inosine triphosphatase (ITPA) (rs1127354 and rs7270101) were determined retrospectively. Two hundred twenty-seven patients were included in the study. In the global population (n = 227), the overall SVR rate was 52% (118/227). Nonresponse and relapse occurred in respectively 46/227 (20.3%) and 42/227 (18.5%) patients. In the intention-to-treat analysis, 55.5% of patients with anemia (n = 164) had a SVR, specifically 57.4% in the EPO group versus 52.4% in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. In the anemic population, independent factors associated with SVR were IFNL3 and IFNL4 polymorphisms, pretreatment HCV RNA level, iron level, and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) ratio. EPO has little impact on SVR in patients treated with peg-IFN+RBV and should be recommended only for patients with severe anemia